Effect of stage-specific vital rates on population growth rates and effective population sizes in an endangered iteroparous plant

Effective population size (N(e)) determines the strength of genetic drift and can influence the level of genetic diversity a population can maintain. Assessing how changes in demographic rates associated with environmental variables and management actions affect N(e) thus can be crucial to the conservation of endangered species. Calculation of N(e) through demographic models makes it possible to use elasticity analyses to study this issue. The elasticity of N(e) to a given vital rate is the proportional change in N(e) associated with a proportional increase in that vital rate. In addition, demographic models can be used to study N(e) and population growth rate (λ) simultaneously. Simultaneous examination is important because some vital rates differ diametrically in their associations with λ and N(e). For example, in some cases increasing these vital rates increases λ and decreases N(e). We used elasticity analysis to study the effect of stage-specific survival and flowering rates on N(e), annual effective population size (N(a)), and λ in seven populations of the endangered plant Austrian dragonhead (Dracocephalum austriacum). In populations with λ ≥ 1, the elasticities of N(e) and N(a) were similar to those of λ. Survival rates of adults were associated with greater elasticities than survival rates of juveniles, flowering rates, or fecundity. In populations with λ < 1, N(e) and N(a) exhibited greater elasticities to juvenile than to adult vital rates. These patterns are similar to those observed in other species with similar life histories. We did not observe contrasting effects of any vital rate on λ and N(e); thus, management actions that increase the λ of populations of Austrian dragonhead will not increase genetic drift. Our results show that elasticity analyses of N(e) and N(a) can complement elasticity analysis of λ. Moreover, such analyses do not require more data than standard matrix models of population dynamics.     

濒危兰科植物流苏石斛的种群数量动态

运用静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了云南西双版纳地区流苏石斛两个种群——A种群(21°58′N,101°13′E,保护区之外)和B种群(21°54′N,101°17′E,保护区内)的种群数量动态.结果表明:种群存活曲线表现为Deevey-型.A、B种群均表现出幼龄个体死亡率高,中龄级个体数量少,说明中龄阶段曾受到较大的人为干扰.种群的净增长率(Ro)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)都较低,表现为衰退种群,Leslie矩阵模型分析表明在未来25年种群各龄级的个体数及种群总数均表现出持续下降趋势.种群下降可能是由于当地人为的采挖和严重的生境破碎化所导致.图2表4参16     

镁铝双氢氧化物用于染料废水脱色的研究

以氯化铝、氯化镁、氨水等为原料,合成了镁铝双氢氧化物正电溶胶(MADH).以水溶性染料模拟废水为研究对象,检验了MADH对染料废水的脱色效果,并对其脱色机理进行了探讨. 结果表明,MADH对活性染料、酸性染料和直接染料等阴离子型染料具有明显的脱色效果.在足量MADH存在的条件下,废水脱色率可达99%以上,最佳pH为6～9,最佳反应时间为10 min.温度升高不利于吸附过程的进行,其饱和吸附容量为327～2 113 mg/g.MADH用于实际印染工业废水处理,脱色率和CODCr去除率同样较高.脱色机理为MADH对染料的化学吸附作用.MADH对阳离子型染料的去除效果较差.      

从阳极泥中提取结晶形Al（OH）3的绿色化研究

采用碱中和阳极泥中的Al2O3和无定形Al(OH)₃,再通入CO₂,从铝型材生产线阳极沉积下来的废泥中成功制备出结晶形Al(OH)₃,研究了温度,pH及CO₂气流速率对形成结晶形Al(OH)3产量的影响。结果表明,在强烈搅拌下,当温度为70~80℃,pH为8~9,CO₂气流速率为50~60mL/min时,Al(OH)3产量最高。该研究实现了回收铝资源,净化环境,且副产品Na₂CO₃可回收利用的目的,从而达到综合利用资源,变废为宝的绿色目标。      

Flow and transport in fractured tuff at Yucca Mountain: numerical experiments on fast preferential flow mechanisms

Recent discovery of bomb-related ³⁶Cl at depth in fractured tuff in the unsaturated zone at the Yucca Mountain candidate high-level waste (HLW) repository site has called into question the usual modeling assumptions based on the equivalent continuum model (ECM). A dual continuum model (DCM) for simulating transient flow and transport at Yucca Mountain is developed. In order to ensure properly converged flow solutions, which are used in the transport simulation, a new flow solution convergence criteria is derived. An extensive series of simulation studies is presented which indicates that rapid movement of solute through the fractures will not occur unless there are intense episodic infiltration events. Movement of solute in the environs of the repository is enhanced if the properties of the tuff layer at the repository horizon are modified from current best-estimate values. Due to a large advective–dispersive coupling between the matrix and fractures, the matrix acts as a major buffer which inhibits rapid transport along the fractures. Consequently, fast movement of solutes through the fractures to the repository depth can only be explained if the matrix–fracture coupling term is significantly reduced from a value that would be calculated on the basis of data currently available.     

UV-C辐照对河水溶解有机质降解及微生物可利用性的影响

从黄浦江及其上游支流采集表层水样,进行了微生物培养、UV-C辐照和微生物再培养等处理过程,测定水样ρ(DOC)(DOC为溶解有机碳)、紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱,探讨河水DOM(溶解有机质)的光化学降解和微生物可利用性特征. 结果表明:不同处理过程对DOM不同组分去除的贡献率不同,黄浦江河水经微生物培养后,ρ(DOC)和CDOM(有色溶解有机质)含量〔以a₃₃₅(335nm处的吸收系数)计〕分别下降了5%~27%和5%左右,而FDOM(荧光溶解性有机质)含量(以最大荧光强度表示)稍有增加;继续经UV-C辐照24h后,ρ(DOC)和CDOM含量分别下降了7%~36%和79%~96%,而FDOM含量下降了95%以上,说明水体中大部分CDOM和FDOM可通过UV-C辐照去除,并且去除率显著高于微生物降解. UV-C辐照不仅可以降解DOM,而且可以改变DOM的微生物可利用性,其中一部分SLDOM(半活性溶解有机质)经UV-C辐照后能够再次被微生物利用,其中4%~28%的DOC和5%~14%的CDOM可再次被微生物降解.      

厌氧氨氧化菌混培物保藏方法的研究

厌氧条件下,采用了4℃以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质、自然环境温度以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质、4℃用NH4Cl代替(NH4)2SO4作为保藏基质3种方法保藏厌氧氨氧化菌混培物.结果表明,4℃以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质的方法保藏厌氧氨氧化菌混培物最有效,但自然环境温度以(NH4)2SO4为保藏基质的方法保藏厌氧氨氧化菌混培物最经济;在保藏试验的5个月内,3种保藏方法下的厌氧氨氧化活性均先快速下降后趋于稳定,趋于稳定时的活性保留率分别为75.3%,66.3%和47.3%;恶劣的生存环境下,胞外多聚物不仅可维持厌氧氨氧化菌混培物颗粒结构的稳定性,还可使菌群聚集成团从而增大菌群密度以减少代谢过程中的能量损失;无外界颜色干扰时,厌氧氨氧化菌混培物颜色由血红素c含量决定,且与活性直接相关.     

安全系统安全完整性等级确定方法比较研究

安全完整性等级的确定是开发和设计安全相关系统的前提和基础。为避免因方法选择不当而导致安全完整性等级确定不恰当的问题,针对常用的后果法、风险矩阵法、改进的HAZOP法、风险图法、保护层分析法和定量分析法进行了对比研究。在阐述和分析安全完整性等级内涵及其确定原理的基础上,根据每种方法自身的特点,从准确性、可量化性、工作量和运用的难易程度等方面对其进行了对比和研究,并分析和探讨了选择安全完整性等级确定方法时应重点考虑的因素。研究结果对合理选择安全完整性等级确定方法具有一定的实用价值和借鉴意义。     

Too much of a good thing: Curvilinear effect of positive affect on proactive behaviors

Current organizational theory and research affirm the beneficial effects of experiencing positive affect at work. In recent years, researchers have begun to question the popular notion that the more positive affect at work, the better—that more positive affect is desirable for work‐related outcomes. In this article, we propose a rationale for why more positive affect may not be better for proactive behaviors at work. Findings from two field studies using two unique data sources demonstrate support for our hypothesis, suggesting that intermediate levels of positive affect are most beneficial for proactive behaviors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于工作安全分析和风险矩阵法的自升式平台拖航作业风险评估

工作安全分析法(JSA)将所选择作业按顺序划分若干个步骤,对作业步骤逐步进行风险识别和分析,在工程中得到广泛应用。由于JSA法是一种定性风险分析方法,仅能从定性角度分析作业过程中存在的潜在风险,无法量化其可能性和严重度。将风险矩阵评估方法(Risk Matrix)引入JSA分析过程,结合自升式海洋平台拖航作业及行业评价指标特点,利用风险矩阵计算风险因素的风险度,提出控制和改进措施,得出不同作业步骤各类风险重要度和风险水平,为平台拖航作业安全保障提供指导依据。